Isomero ry'
Amategeko
Shakisha, iga, kandi wimenyereze ibibazo byose bishoboka bizaza mu kizamini cyawe.
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Mu gihe utwaye ikinyabiziga uva kuri A ugana kuri B, Iki kimenyetso kiri mu muhanda kivuze iki ?
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B
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Iki kimenyetso kiri mu muhanda kivuze iki ?
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B
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Ni ikihe icyapa gisobanura umuhanda w'icyerekezo kimwe:
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Iki cyapa:
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Muri ibi byapa bikurikira ni ikihe cyerekana ko umuyobozi ukibonye yemerewe gutambuka mbere y'abaturutse aho agana mu nzira ifunganye:
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Mu byapa bikurikira , ni ikihe cyerekana umuhanda udakomeza:
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura iki aho banyura bazengurutse ?
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura iki mu nkomane ?
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B
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Ndashaka gupariki ikinyabiga iburyo kunzira y’abanyamaguru
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B
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Uhereye kuri ibi byapa habujijwe :
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B
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Umuyobozi wikinyabiziga aritegura kunyuraho ibumoso :
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B
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Ndi kumuvuduko wa 20km/h. nshobora gukomeza muri iri sangano ry’umuhanda?
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Mfite uburenganzira bwo gutambuka muri iri sangano ?
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Ndashaka kugata ibumoso. Imodoka y’icyatsi yaje irahagarara. Ninde ufite uburenganzira bwo gutambuka mbere?
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B
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Ngomba :
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B
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Mpagaze mu murongo wo guhagarara umwanya muto
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B
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Kuri iki cyapa cyo mu muhanda cyambere kintegeka ?
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B
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Umuhanda wambukiranya inzira ya gariyamoshi
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B
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Ndashaka gukata iburyo. Biremewe ?
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B
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K’umuyobozi w’ivatiri, iki cyapa kivuze iki ?
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B
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Ibi byapa byo mu muhanda birambuza kunyuranaho ibumoso ?
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Iki kimenyetso gitanzwe n’umukozi ubifitiye ububasha cyo guhagarara :
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Icyapa kivuga “icyerekezo gitegetswe”kigizwe n’ikirango cy’ibara :
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B
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Ishusho y’icyapa kivuga’’ugukikira”bitegetswe ni :
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Ibyapa by’inyongera bishobora kumenyesha.
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Ibyapa biburira bibereyeho kumenyesha umugenzi :
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Ibyapa bibuza n’ibitegeka bikurikizwa gusa :
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Ibyapa biburira nibyo gutambuka mbere birangwa:
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Icyapa cyerekana ko bibujijwe kuvuza amahoni kirangwa na :
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Icyapa cyerekana inzira y’amatungo itegetswe giteye:
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Iyo umuhanda ugabanijemo ibisate bibiri kandi ugendwamo mu byerekezo byombi umuyobozi abujijwe :
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B
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Icyi cyapa cyerekana :
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Icyi cyapa gisobanura :
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Iki cyapa cyerekana :
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Umuyobozi ubonye ko hari undi umukurikiye ashaka kumunyuraho agomba kubahiriza ibi bikurikira :
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B
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Iki cyapa kivuga
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Iki cyapa kigizwe:
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Utugarurarumuri turi ku ruhande rw’imbere rw’ikinyabiziga tugomba gusa:
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura ibi bikurikira:
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B
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Iki cyapa kivuga:
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B
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Ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa na moteri n’ikinyabiziga gikururwa n’inyamaswa ntibishobora gukurura :
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Icyapa kimenyesha kugendera mu muhanda ubisikanirwamo gifite:
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Igice cy’inzira nyabagendwa kigarukira kumirongo ibiri yera icagaguye ibangikanye kandi gifite ubugari budahagije kugirango imodoka zitambuke neza kiba ari:
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Umurongo ucagaguye uvuga ko buri muyobozi abujijwe kuwurenga uretse mu gihe:
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Amatara ndangacyerekezo agomba kugaragara nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye mu ntera nibura ya:
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Ugeze mu masangano y’umuhanda aho usanga ibimenyetso bimurika bidakora, wakora iki igihe umukozi ubifiye ububasha aguhaye iki kimenyesto ?
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Muri ibi byapa ni ubuhe bwoko bw’ibyapa bitegeka byo mu muhanda?
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora igihe atwaye ikinyabiziga mugihe cy’ibihu,imvura nyinshi, umwuzure cyangwa umukungugu mwinshi ?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga igihe atwaye ikinyabiziga akagira umunaniro utuma yasinzira yakora iki ?
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Kunyuranaho mw’ikoni :
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Kuki abanyamaguru batemerewe kwambuka umuhanda mw’ikoni cyangwa hafi y’imodoka ihagaze?
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Uturebanyuma dukoreshwa:
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Ibice by’umuhanda byera bigari biteganye n’umurongo ugabanya umuhanda mo ,kabiri bisobanura:
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Utwaye ikinyabiziga mu muhanda ufite ibyerekezo bibiri .ikinyabiziga imbere yawe cyiragenda buhoro, imbere yawe umuhanda nta kibazo kunyuranaho, ugomba :
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Mu gihe hari undi muyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ugukurikiye watangiye kukunyuraho :
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B
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Igihe imodoka iparitse ku nkengero z’umuhanda mugihe cy’ ijoro :
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Igihe za otobisi zigenewe gutwara banyeshuli zihagaze kugirango zibafate cyangwa bavemo ugomba :
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Igihe utwaye umuntu mu kinyabiziga cyawe, akibagirwa kwambara umukandara wo kwirinda ibyago ugomba:
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Ugeze ahari inzira yabanyamaguru barindiriye kwambuka. Ntibatangiye kwambuka , wakora iki?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabizaga ashobora kunyuranaho:
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B
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Gutwara ikinyabiziga wasinze:
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Umubare w’abagenzi bemewe gutwarwa mukinyabiziga wanditswe mu :
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B
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Igihe ubonye icyapa kigaragaza ishuli wakora iki?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ugendera inyuma y’ikinyabaziga gitwara abagenzi gihagaze gikuramo cyangwa gishyiramo abagenzi agomba :
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakwitondera iki mbere yuko y’injira munzira banyuramo bazengurutse ?
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B
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Mbere yuko umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga akata ibumoso mu nzira nyabagendwa, nihe ikinyabiziga kigomba kuba kiri ?
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B
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Ni kihe cyerekezo umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yinjiriramo iyo ageze aho banyura bazenguruka ?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora iki igihe ageze aho banyura bazenguruka?
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B
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Igihe umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga atwaye mu muhanda urombereje w’ibice byinshi agomba kugendera mu kihe gice cy’umuhanda ?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabizaga uri kugendera mu muhanda w’ibyerekezo bibiri nuruhe ruhande rw’umuhanda agomba gukoresha ?
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B
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Igihe umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga agendera munzira y’icyerekezo kimwe akifuza gukata ibumoso yakora iki?
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora igihe agize uruhare mu mpanuka yo mu muhanda , aho ntawakometese ariko ibinyabiziga bikaba byateza icyago cyangwa byafunze umuhanda ?
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B
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Ni ubuhe buryo bwiza bwakurikizwa igihe hari umuntu wakomerekeye mu mpanuka yo mu muhanda ?
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B
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Gutinda gutanga ibimenyetso ku muyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ni gute bibangamira abandi bakoresha umuhanda ?
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B
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Niryari amatara ndanga cyerekezo agomba kugaragazwa kubandi bakoresha umuhanda ?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga agendera inyuma y’ikindi kinyabizaga akaba adateganya kukinyuraho yakora iki ?
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B
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora ageze hafi y’inzira ifunganye igihe ahuye n’ikindi kinyabiziga giturutse mukindi cyerekezo?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora iki ahuye n’ikinyabiziga giturutse mukindi kerekezo, gicanye amatara yumuhondo aburira ?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora iki igihe ageze ku kazamuko gashinze cyane ?
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B
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Ni iki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora ahuye n’ishyo ry’amatungo munzira nyabagendwa?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ugeze mu isangano ry’umuhanda ugenzurwa ni ibimenyetso by’amatara yaka agasanga ataka (adakora), yakora iki?
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B
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Umurongo w’umweru urombereje uciye hagati mu muhanda uvuze iki?
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakara iki mu gihe anyuzweho nikindi kinyabiziga?
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora mugihe ahuye n’ikinyabiziga cyakije itara ry’umuhondo rimyatsa?
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora abonye otobisi iri kuva aho zagenewe guhagararwamo?
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B
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga agomba gukora ahuye n’amatungo mu muhanda?
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Niki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora mu gihe abonye icyapa kiburira cya mpande eshatu gitukura mu muhanda?
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Muri ibi binyabiziga bine ni ikihe kiri mu buryo bwiza bwo gukata ikoni ry’iburyo kiva mu muhanda munini kijya mu muto?
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B
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Aha niki umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga yakora?
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B
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Aha umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga ashobora kunyura kuri aba abanyamagare?
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B
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Aha niki umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga yakora mugihe ashaka kujya iburyo?Aha niki umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga yakora mugihe ashaka kujya iburyo?
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B
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Niki umuyobozi w’ ikinyabiziga akwiriye kumenya mugihe akurikiye umuyobozi wikinyamitende ibiri kandi imodoka y’ umweru iri gusubira inyuma ijya mumuhanda?
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B
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Niki ugomba gukora igihe wegereye ikimenyetso kimurika kiva mucyatsi kijya mumuhondo?
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B
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N’iki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora aramutse ahumishijwe n’urumuri rw’amatara yikinyabiziga giturutse mu kindi cyerekezo?
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B
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Ni gute umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yanyura kumunyegare hano?
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B
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Muri ibi binyabiziga n’ikihe gihagaze nabi?
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B
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N’ayahe matara umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga agomba gukoresha mugihe cy’ibihu?
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B
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iki umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yakora ashaka gukatira iburyo?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga akurikiye ibinyabiziga bibiri, yifuza kubinyuraho. N’iki yashingiraho mbere yo kubanyuraho?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga ageze hafi y’inzira y’abanyamaguru yakwitwara ate?
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B
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Nk’umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga, n’iyihe myitwarire wagira?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga yegereye aho umwana w’umuhungu utwaye akagare k’abana asezera ku nshuti ye . N’iyihe myifatire myiza wagira imbere yabo?
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B
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N’iyihe myifatire myiza wagira ugeze aho abana bari hafi y’inzira nyabagendwa?
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B
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Icyemezo cy’Isuzuma ry’ikinyabiziga kimara igihe kingana iki?
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B
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Kuvuza ihoni bibujijwe:
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B
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Iyo mu muhanda hashushanyijemo umurongo wera ucagaguye, ntugomba
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B
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Igihe umuyobozi w’inyamaswa, afite inyamaswa idatuje, asaba ko ibinyabiziga bihagarara:
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B
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Mu gihe utwaye ikinyabiziga ni joro ucanye amatara maremare ugahura n’ikindi kinyabiziga giturutse mu kindi cyerecyezo:
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B
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Kunyuranaho bibujijwe gusa igihe:
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B
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Telephone ngendanwa ntigomba gukoreshwa:
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B
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Gutwara uzungazunga mu muhanda:
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B
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Amatara y’urugendo, mu gihe cy’ibihu:
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B
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Mu gihe Umuntu ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona yambuka umuhanda yitwaje inkoni yera y’abatabona:
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B
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Ikindi kinyabiziga kiguturutse inyuma kiguterera amatara y’urumuri rumyasa, wakora iki?
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B
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Mbere yo kunyura ku kindi kinyabiziga, ni ngombwa kumenya ko:
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B
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Ntibyemewe gukoresha telephone
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B
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Mugihe ikinyabiziga cyacu bakinyuzeho
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B
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Ugeze bwa mbere ahabereye impanuka yo mu muhanda harimo inkomere wakora iki ?
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B
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Mu gihe cy’impanuka mu muhanda n’ubundi bushotoranyi ni yihe nimero ya telefone y’ubutabazi wahamagara :
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B
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Hejuru y’aka kanunga:
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B
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Nshobora kunyuraho umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga wahagaze imbere y’inzira yabanyamaguru?
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B
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Mbere yo kunyura kumuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga cy’imitende ibiri, ngomba gucana akaranga cyerekezo k’ibumoso?
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B
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Ni ikihe cyapa cy’inyemerera gutambuka mbere mu masangano y’umuhanda?
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B
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Uri umuyobozi wa velomoteri, uhuye n’umwe munshuti zawe agusaba ko wa mutwara ukamusiga ku’wundi muhanda. ufite imyaka 18 ariko nta ngofero yindi yabigenewe ufite. wamutwara?
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B
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Ni ikihe cyapa muri ibi kintegeka gutanga inzira:
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B
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Mu muhanda ufite uruhererekane rw’amakoni, feri y’urugendo ikoreshwa ryari?
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B
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iki kimenyetso cyaka kinyemerera gukomeza:
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B
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Iki cyapa kibuza kunyuranaho ibumoso ku binyabiziga bikurikira :
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B
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iki cyapa kibuza abayobozi bibinyabiziga kunyuranaho :
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B
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igice kinzira nyabagendwa gikikijwe n’imirongo ibiri y’umweru iciyemo uduce kandi iteganye :
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B
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Urenze munsisiro ,ukahasanga ibyapa bibiri iburyo bwawe bimenyesha ko irangira ry’imirimo bitewe nicyo ibyo byapa bemenyesha wagendera kuwuhe muvuduko ?
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura:
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura :
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B
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Icyapa gikoze mw’ishusho ya mpandeshatu kimenyesha:
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B
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Umuyobozi usunika ipikipiki agomba gufatwa nka:
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B
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Uhuye n’ingorane utwaye ikinyabiziga , mu muhanda ufite ibyerekezo bibiri, ufite ikimenyetso kiburira cya mpandeshatu . wagishyira mu ntera ingana iki uvuye aho ikinyabiziga cyahagaze
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B
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Wakoze impanuka yo mu muhanda , ni ikihe cyangombwa polisi ishobora kugusaba kucyerekana ?
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B
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Umuyobozi w’ikinyabizaga cy’ikoreye ibintu bishobora gufata inkongi, n’ikihe cyapa cyerekana ko ibyo atwaye biturika by’afata inkongi ?
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B
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.Ugeze ahabereye impanuka yo mumuhanda bwambere ugasanga abakomeretse bikomeye. wakiriza icyarimwe amatara y’ibyerekezo byombi, niki kindi ushobora gukora?
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B
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Ni ryari ushobora kwakiriza icyarimwe amatara yose ndangacyerekezo y’ikinyabiziga ?
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B
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Ikinyabiziga gishya gikenerwa gusuzumwa bwambere nyuma y’igihe kingana iki ?
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B
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Ni iki gikenewe muri ibi bikurikira kugirango ubashe gutwara imodoka mu muhanda biteganywa nitegeko
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B
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Muri iri sangano ry’umuhanda hari icyapa gisobanura “guhagarara” n’umurongo wera urombereje munzira . Niyihe mpamvu hari iki cyapa cyo “guhagarara” hano?
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B
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Umurongo ucagaguye wera mu muhanda usobanura iki?
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B
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Mubimenyetso bimurika itara ry’icyatsi risobanura iki ?
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B
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Mubimenyetso bimurika itara ry’umuhondo risobanura iki ?
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B
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Mu bimenyetso bimurika itara ritukura rivuga iki ?
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B
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Icyapa gitanga uburenganzira bwo gutambuka mbere kigira iyihe shusho?
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B
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wakora iki ubonye icyi cyapa ?
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B
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Iki cyapa gisobanura Iki?
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B
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Iki Cyapa Gisobanura Iki?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iki cyapa gisobanura iki?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Imbere yawe iki cyapa kikubwiye iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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iki cyapa gisobanura iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nikihe cyapa cyerekena ko nta kinyabiziga gifite moteri cyemerewe kuhanyura?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibyapa bitegeka bikozwe muyihe shusho?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iki cyapa gisobanura iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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N’uwuhe muntu ushobora gusimbura ibimenyetso byo mumuhanda, dutegetswe kubaha?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ni hehe byemewe kunyuranaho munzira y’icyerekezo kimwe?
A
B
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Inzira nyabagendwa ifite ibyerekezo bibiri, uruhande rw’ibumoso rudufasha iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa gikurikira kivuze iki?
A
B
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Iki cyapa cyivuga iki?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Niki ugomba gukora igihe uhagaze ku muhanda igihe cy’ibihu?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Niyihe mpamvu ituma tugomba kugabanya umuvuduko mugihe hari ibihu ?
A
B
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Kumanywa urumuri rudahagije hatabona neza .Ni ayahe matara y’urugendo ugomba gukoresha.
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uri hafi kunyura k’umuyobozi w’ikinyamitende. Muri ibi byapa bikurikira nikihe wakwitondera?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Wegereye inzira y’abanyamaguru ugasanga bategereje kwambuka. Ugomba gukora iki?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Utwaye ikinyabiziga inyuma ya romoruki.umuyobozi wayo akaguha ikimenyetso cyo kumutambukaho iburyo kandi ugana ibumoso, wakora iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Wifuza kugana ibumoso imbere yawe. kubera iki ushaka umwanya mwiza kandi uhagije?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Igihe ukurikiwe n’ikinyabiziga gitwara abarwayi gicanye amatara y’intabaza arabagirana. Wakora iki ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Niki wakora igihe utabona neza usubira inyuma ?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Urimo kugenda munzira nyabagendwa ni gute wanyura k’umuyobozi w’igare?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Kuki ugomba gucana amatara mugihe hatangiye kwijima?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Mugihe uri murugendo rurerure mumuhanda urombereje w’ibice byinshi.niki wakora mugihe wumva utangiye kugira ibitotsi?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Utegereje gukata iburyo kwiherezo ry’umuhanda.ukingirijwe nimodoka ihagaze.niki wakora?
A
B
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Mugihe ukurikiranye na romoruki,n’ukubera iki ugomba gusiga umwanya uhagije hagati yawe nayo?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Niki wakora mugihe usanze mu bimenyetso bimurika harimo ibara ry’umuhondo.
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Niki muribi wakwirinda mugihe ushaka kunyuranaho?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Niki wakora mbere y’uko uhindura icyerekezo?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Mu gihe telefone yawe ihamagawe utwaye imodoka wakora iki?
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ubugari bw’imizigo yikorewe n’ipikipiki ifite akanyabiziga ko kuruhande kimwe n’ubwa romoruki ikuruwe na bene icyo kinyabiziga ntibushobora kurenza ibipimo bikurikira ku bugari bw’icyo kinyabiziga kidapakiye:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nta tara na rimwe cyangwa akagarurarumuri bishobora kuba bifunze kuburyo igice cyabyo cyo hasi cyane kimurika kiba kiri hasi y’ibipimo bikurikira kuva ku butaka igihe ikinyabiziga kidapakiye:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bifite ubugari bufite ibipimo bikurikira bigomba kugira amatara ndangaburumbarare
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo kuva bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibihe bimeze nk’igihe cy’ibihu cyangwa cy’imvura bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200, udutsiko twose tw’abanyamaguru nk’imperekerane cyangwa udutsiko tw’abanyeshuri bari ku murongo bayobowe n’umwarimu, iyo bagenda mu muhanda ku isonga hakaba hari abantu barenze umwe bagomba kugaragazwa kuburyo bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo nta mategeko awugabanya by’umwihariko umuvuduko ntarengwa ku modoka zidafite ibizibuza kwiceka kuberako ariko zakozwe ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse mu mujyi kuyindi mihanda yajyenwe na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, uburemere ntarengwa ku binyabiziga bifite imitambiko itatu cyangwa irenga hatarimo mukuzungu ni :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse mu mijyi, kuyindi mihanda yagenywe na minisiteri ushinzwe gutwara ibintu n’abantu, uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe ku binyabiziga bifatanye bifite imitambiko itatu ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ku mihanda yagenwe na minisitiri ubifite mu nshingano ibyapa biburira n’ibyapa byerekana bigomba kugaragazwa kuva bwije kugera bukeye n’urumuri rwihariye cyangwa amatara ku mihanda cyangwa ibintu ngarurarumuri. Igihe ijuru rikeye intera y’ahagaragara igomba kuba nibura:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Inkombe z’inzira nyabagendwa cyangwa z’umuhanda zishobora kugaragazwa n’ibikoresho ngarurarumuri ibyo bikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho ku buryo abagenzi babibona ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo ikinyabiziga kitagikora cyangwa cyoherejwe mu mahanga burundu ibyapa ndanga bigomba gukurwaho bikoherezwa mu biro by’imisoro, ibyo bikorwa mu gihe kingana gute:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo harimo indi myanya birabujijwe gutwara ku ntebe y’imbere y’imodoka abana badafite imyaka ikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Imirongo yera iteganye n’umurongo ugabanya umuhanda mo kabiri mu burebure bwawo ugaragaza:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Birabujijwe kugenza ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri na za romoruki zikururwa nabyo, iyo ibiziga byambaye inziga zidahagwa cyangwa inziga zikururuka zifite umubyimba uri hasi ya cm 4. Ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa ku binyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibiziga by’ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri n’ibya velomoteri kimwe n’ibya romoruki zabyo bigomba kuba byambaye inziga zihagwa zifite amano n’ubujyakuzimu butari munsi ya milimetero imwe ku migongo yabyo yose, n’ubudodo bwabyo ntibugire ahantu na hamwe bugaragara kdi ntibigire aho byacitse bikomeye mu mpande zabyo. Ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa ku binyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nibura ikinyabiziga gitegetswe kugira uduhanagurabirahuri dukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ikinyabiziga ntigishobora kugira amatara arenze abiri y’ubwoko bumwe keretse kubyerekeye amatara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nta mwanya n’umwe feri ifungiraho ushobora kurekurana n’ibiziga keretse:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uburyo bukoreshwa kugirango ikinyabiziga kigende gahoro igihe feri idakora neza bwitwa:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara maremare y’ikinyabiziga agomba kutamurika mu bihe bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Birabujijwe guhagarara akanya kanini aha hakurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ahatari mu nsisiro umuvuduko ntarengwa wa velomoteri mu isaha ni:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo nta mategeko awugabanya by’umwihariko, umuvuduko ntarengwa w’amapikipiki mu isaha ni:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana umuvuduko ntarengwa ikinyabiziga kitagomba kurenza gishyirwa ku binyabiziga bifite uburebure ntarengwa bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Umuyobozi ugenda mu muhanda igihe ubugari bwawo budatuma anyuranaho nta nkomyi ashobora kunyura mu kayira k’abanyamaguru ariko amaze kureba ibi bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo ubugari bw’inzira nyabagendwa igenderwamo n’ibinyabiziga budahagije kugirango bibisikane nta nkomyi abagenzi bategetswe:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ikintu cyose cyatuma hahindurwa ibyanditswe bireba nyirikarita cyangwa ibiranga ikinyabiziga kigomba kumenyeshwa ibiro by’imisoro haba mu magambo cyangwa mu ibaruwa ishinganye. Ibyo bikorwa mu gihe kingana gute:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Birabujijwe kongera ku mpande z’ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa na moteri cyangwa velomoteri ibi bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Itara ryo guhagarara ry’ibara ritukura rigomba kuba ridahumisha, kandi rigomba kugaragarira mu ntera ikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo hagati y’uruhande rw’imbere rwa romoruki n’uruhande rw’inyuma rw’ikinyabiziga kiyikurura hari umwanya urenze m 3 ikibizirikanyije kigomba kugaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira iyo amatara y’ikinyabiziga agomba gucanwa:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Mu migi no ku yindi mihanda y’igihugu igenwa na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu uburebure ntarengwa kuri buri mitambiko 3 ifungwaho ibiziga bine ni:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Umurongo w’umuhondo ucagaguye uciye ku nkombe nyayo y’umuhanda, umusezero w’inzira y’abanyamaguru cyangwa w’inkengero y’umuhanda yegutse uvuga ibi bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana uburebure bw’igice cyatera ibyago cyangwa bw’ahantu amabwiriza y’icyo cyapa agomba gukurikizwa kirangwa n’ubuso n’ibimenyetso bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cy’inyongera kerekana aho bagobokera ibinyabiziga kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibyapa bibuza n’ibitegeka bikurikizwa gusa aha hakurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyamitende itatu bifite moteri bigomba kugira amatara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Gushyira mu muhanda ku buryo budasanzwe ibinyabiziga bikururana birenze bitatu bigomba gutangirwa uruhusa, uretse imashini ihinga iyo zigenda uregendo rutarenze km 25, ibinyabiziga bikururana bitwaye ibyamamazwa n’ibindi biteganwa n’iri teka ariko igiteranyo cy’uburebure bw’ibyo binyabiziga bikururana ntigishobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse bibonewe uruhushya, ubundi birabujijwe gushyira no gukomeza kugendesha imodoka cyangwa romoruki mu nzira nyabagendwa iyo uburemere bw’ibyikorewe burenze uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe n’ikarita iranga ikinyabiziga ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa ku binyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ku binyabiziga cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikururana igice kirenga ku biziga ntigishobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iminyururu n’ibindi byuma bifashisha bishobora kuvanwaho cyangwa binagana, hatabariwemo ibimenyetso byerekana ibyerekezo bigomba gutungurwa ku kinyabiziga ku buryo igihe byizunguza bitarenga impande zihera uburumbarare bw’ikinyabiziga kandi ibyo byuma bifashisha ntibigomba gukururuka ku butaka ariko ibyo ntibibujijwe ku binyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Igice cy’umuhanda kiri hakurya y’umurongo mugari wera udacagaguye ugaragaza inkombe mpimbano y’umuhanda kiba kigenewe ibi bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo kuva bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibintu bimeze bitagishoboka kubona muri m 200, ibinyabiziga cyangwa imitwaro bifite ubugari burenga m 2.50 iyo bigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa bigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara maremare y’ibara ryera cyangwa ry’umuhondo agomba nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye kumurika mu ntera ikurikira ku binyabiziga bifite moteri itarengeje ingufu zigera kuri sentimetero kibe 125
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Romoruki zifite ubugari ntarengwa bwa sentimetero 80 zishobora gushyirwaho akagarurarumuri kamwe gusa iyo zikuruwe n’ibinyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Kugirango berekane ahantu habi cyane, hakoreshwa ikimenyetso cy’itara ry’umuhondo rimyasa, rivuga uburenganzira bwo gutambuka icyo kimenyetso barushijeho kwitonda. Ese icyo kimenyetso gihindura iki ku mategeko agenga gutambuka mbere:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ikintu cyose cyatuma hahindurwa ibyanditse bireba nyirikarita cyangwa ibiranga ikinyabiziga kigomba kumenyeshwa ibiro by’umusoro haba mu magambo cyangwa mu ibaruwa ishinganye ibyo bikorwa mu gihe kingana gute:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Nijoro, amatara yo kubisikana y’ibara ryera cyangwa y’umuhondo agomba, igihe ijoro rikeye kumurika mu muhanda nibura mu ntera ikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo bitewe n’imiterere y’ahantu intera itandukanya icyapa n’ahantu habi iri munsi ya m150 ku buryo bugaragara, iyo ntera yerekanishwa icyapa cy’inyongera giteye ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Mu mujyi no ku mihanda y’igihugu igenwa na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, ubwikorere ntarengwa ku ikamyo iyo ariyo yose ntibushobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo imizigo igizwe n’ibinyampeke, ikawa, amakara, ubwatsi bw’amatungo bidahambiriye, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera kuri m2 na cm75 ariko iyo iyo mizigo ijyanwa mu karere katarenga km25 uvuye aho yapakiriwe, usibye mu nsisiro, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera ku bipimo bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Kugirango ikinyabiziga kive ahantu hari urwondo cyangwa hanyerera bidasanzwe hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bukurikira: a) inziga zishobora gushyirwaho udushyundu
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Imbibi ziri ku mpera z’ubwihugiko bw’abanyamaguru kandi ziri mu muhanda kimwe n’imbibi n’ibindi bikoresho bigenewe gutuma bagenda mu muhanda nta muvundo zisigwa irangi ry’ibara rikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibyapa byereka inkomane y’inzira nyabagendwa n’inzira ya gariyamoshi bigomba iteka kumurikwa cyangwa kugarura urumuri ku buryo bigaragarira nibura mu ntera ikurikira igihe ijuru rikeye:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa ntibishobora gutonda uburebure burenga umurongo wa m 500, iyo bibaye bityo ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa bishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda atonze umurongo utarengeje ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Abanyamaguru batatanye cyangwa bagize udutsiko tudafatanyije gahunda kdi batanayobowe n’umwarimu bategetswe kunyura mu tuyira turi ku mpande z’umuhanda no ku nkengero zigiye hejuru uretse ubutaka butsindagiye butandukanya imihanda ibiri bwo kunyurwamo gusa n’aba bakurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo ikinyabiziga gihagaritswe n’ijoro ku buryo abayobozi bakigana badashobora kumenya ko kibabereye imbogamizi, kigomba kurangirwa kure n’ikimenyetso cyabigenewe kiri ahantu hagaragara kugirango kiburire hakiri kare abandi bayobozi baza bagisanga, ariko ntibireba ibinyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse igihe hari amategeko yihariye akurikizwa muri ako karere cyangwa imitunganyirize bwite y’aho, ikinyabiziga cyose cyangwa inyamaswa ihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini igomba kuba iri aha hakurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo akanyabiziga gasunikwa cyangwa ibyo gatwaye bidatuma umuyobozi abona neza imbere ye, uwo muyobozi agomba gukora ibi bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo kuva bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibihe bimeze bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200, mu nzira nyabagendwa, romoruki iziritse kuri velomoteri cyangwa ipikipiki idafite akanyabiziga ku ruhande, uretse velomoteri idafite umuyobozi, kandi uburumbarare bwayo, cyangwa bw’ibyo yikoreye bukaba butuma itara ry’ikinyabiziga biyikurura ritagaragara, iyo romoruki igaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
→
Birabujijwe kubangamira imigendere isanzwe y’ibindi binyabiziga kubera ibi bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibyapa byerekana icyago cyidahoraho kandi bigenewe kwerekana aho bagana cyangwa aho berekeza umuhanda nk’igihe cy’impanuka cyangwa hari imirimo ikorwa mu muhanda birangwa n’amabara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye, itara ribonesha icyapa kiranga numero y’ikinyabiziga rigomba gutuma izo numero zisomerwa nibura mu ntera ikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana ko hari amabwiriza yihariye mu buryo bwo kugendera mu cyambu cyangwa ku kibuga cy’indege giteye ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo mu muhanda, imirimo yihariye ubugari butuma abayobozi bagomba kuva mu mwanya wabo usanzwe kugirango bakomeze urugendo, ahategetswe kunyurwa hagaragazwa n’ikimenyetso gishyirwa aho imirimo irangirira mu ruhande rugenderwamo. Icyo kimenyetso kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Igihe ikorwa ry’imirimo ribangamiye cyane cyangwa buke uburyo bwo kugenda mu nzira nyabagendwa, ahakorerwa imirimo hagaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana ahantu amategeko y’ Umuhanda urombeje w’ibice byinshi atangirira gukurikizwa, kirangwa n’ibirango (ibimenyetso) by’amabara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cy’inyongera kigaragaza ikibanza cy’ingando cyangwa cy’abantu benshi bagendera ku nyamaswa kirangwa n’amabara akurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bikurikira ntibitegetswe kugira ibimenyetso bibyerekana iyo byambukiranya umuhanda cyangwa bigenda ku ruhande rwawo:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo ikinyabiziga gikururwa n’inyamaswa nacyo gikuruye ikindi uburebure bw’ibikururwa bukaba burenga m 18 hatabariwemo icyo kinyabiziga cya mbere kiziritseho hagomba ibi bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga biherekeranyije mu butumwa ntibishobora gutonda uburebure burenga umurongo wa m 500. Iyi bibaye bityo ibinyabiziga biherekeranye mu butumwa bishobora kugabanwamo amatsinda atonze umurongo atarengeje m 50 z’uburebure kdi hagati yayo hakaba byibura m 50 ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa kubinyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo umukumbi ugizwe n’amatungo maremare arenze ane cyangwa amatungo magufi arenze atandatu mu nzira nyabagendwa iyo hatakibona neza kuburyo umuyobozi abona muri m 200 ugomba kugaragazwa kuburyo bukurikira:
A
B
+
Reba Ibisubizo
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Usibye ibinyabiziga by'ingabo z'Igihugu, Ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa na moteri kiriho ibyuma ntamenwa cyangwa ikindi cyose gituma gikoreshwa mu gutera cyangwa mu kwitabara ntigishobora kugenda mu nzira nyabagendwa kidafite uruhushya rwihariye. Urwo ruhushya rutangwa naba bakurikira:
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Buri modoka yagenewe gutwara abantu, ariko umubare wabo ntarengwa ukaba munsi ya 6 umuyobozi abariwemo igomba kugira imikandara yo kurinda ibyago igenewe aba bakurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana ko inzira giteyeho mu ntangiriro idakomeza kigaragazwa n’ikirango (ikimenyetso) cy’amabara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana ahantu hagenewe guhagararwamo n’imodoka nini zagenewe gutwara abantu cyirangwa n’ubuso bw’amabara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse igihe hari amategeko yihariye akurikizwa muri ako karere ikinyabiziga cyose gihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini, iyo gihagaze mu mwanya wo kuruhande wagenewe abanyamaguru, kugirango bashobore kugenda batagombye kunyura mu muhanda, umuyobozi agombye kubasigira akayira gafite byibura ibipimo bikurikira by’ubugari:
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo bitagishoboka kubona muri m 200 imodoka zikuruwe n’inyamaswa, ingorofani, inyamaswa zitwaye imizigo cyangwa zigenderwamo kimwe n’amatungo bigomba kurangwa na :
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibimenyetso by’agateganyo bigizwe n’imitemeri y’ibara risa n’icunga rihishije bishobora gusimbura ibi bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse ku byerekeye imihanda iromboreje y’ibisate byinshi n’imihanda yimodoka igice cy’umuhanda kiri hakurya y’umurongo mugari wera ucibwa ku muhanda ngo ugaragaze inkombe mpimbano zawo kigenewe ibi bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara ndangaburumbarare agomba kubonwa nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye n’umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga kiri mu ntera ya :
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara ndangambere na ndanganyuma y’imodoka zitarengeje m 6 z’uburebure na m 2 z’ubugari habariwemo imitwaro kandi nta kindi kinyabiziga kiziritseho ashobora gusimburwa n’amatara yo guhagarara umwanya munini iyo ibyo binyabiziga bihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini mu nsisiro bibangikanye ku ruhande rw’umuhanda. Ayo matara arangwa n’amabara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Imirongo y’ingabo z’igihugu zigendera kuri gahunda n’utundi dutsiko twose tw’abanyamaguru nk’imperekerane cyangwa udutsiko tw’abanyeshuri iyo bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m200, bagaragazwa ni itara ryera imbere naho inyuma ni itara ry’umutuku ariko iyo uburebure bwiyo mirongo cyangwa bw’utwo dutsiko burenga m6 impande zatwo cyangwa zayo zigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bikurikira bigomba kugira ibikoresho by’ihoni byumvikanira mu ntera ya m 20:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa kivuga ko hatanyurwa mu byerekezo byombi kirangwa n’ubuso bw’ibara rikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa kibuza kunyura kubindi binyabiziga byose uretse ibinyamitende ibiri n’amapikipiki adafite akanyabiziga ku ruhande gifite ibimenyetso by’amabara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amahoni y’ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri agomba kohereza ijwi ry’injyana imwe rikomeza kandi ridacengera amatwi ariko ibinyabiziga bikurikira bishobora kugira ihoni ridasanzwe ridahuye n’ibivuzwe haruguru:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara ndangacyerekezo agomba kuba agizwe n’ibintu bifashe ku rumuri rumyasa, biringaniye ku buryo bigira umubare utari igiharwe ku mpande z’imbere n’inyuma z’ikinyabiziga ayo matara aba afite amabara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibiziga by’ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri n’ibya velomoteri kimwe n’ibya romoruki zabyo bigomba kuba byambaye inziga zihagwa zifite amano n’ubujyakuzimu butari munsi ya milimetero imwe ku migongo yabyo yose nubudodo bwabyo ntibugire ahantu na hamwe bugaragara kandi ntibugire aho byacitse bikomeye mu mpande zabyo ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa ku binyabiziga bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ahatari mu nsisiro, umuyobozi wese ugenza ikinyabiziga kimwe cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikomatanye bifite uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe burenga ibiro 3500 cyangwa bifite uburebure bwite burenga metero 10 agomba, keretse iyo anyuze cyangwa agiye kunyura ku bindi binyabiziga, gusiga hagati y’ikinyabiziga cye n’iki muri imbere umwanya uhagije kugirango ibinyabiziga bimuhiseho bishobore kuhigobeka bidateje impanuka igihe bibaye ngombwa ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa mu bihe bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Inkombe z’inzira nyabagendwa cyangwa z’umuhanda zishobora kugaragazwa n’ibikoresho ngarurarumuri. Ibyo bikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho ku buryo abagenzi babibona ku buryo bukurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ahatari mu nsisiro ibyapa biburira n’ibyapa byo gutambuka mbere bigomba gushyirwa mu ntera ikurikira y’ahantu habyerekana:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri, hatarimo velomoteri n’ibinyabiziga bidapakiye umuvuduko wabyo udashobora kurenga km 50 mu isaha ahateganye bigomba kuba bifite ibikoresho by’ihoni byumvikanira mu ntera ikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo tumuritswe n’amatara y’urugendo y’i kinyabiziga utugarurarumuri tugomba n’ijoro, igihe ijuru rikeye kubonwa n’umuyobozi w’ikinyabiziga kiri mu ntera ikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nta tara na rimwe cyangwa utugarurarumuri bishobora kuba bifunze kuburyo igice cyabyo cyo hasi cyane kimurika kitaba kiri hasi ya cm 40 kuva ku butaka igihe ikinyabiziga kidapakiye ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa ku matara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Itara ndanganyuma rigomba gushyirwa aha hakurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Imizigo yikorewe n’amagare, velomoteri, amapikipiki, ibinyamitende by’ibiziga bitatu nibyo ibiziga bine bifite cyangwa bidafite moteri inyuma ntishobora kurenza ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo kuva bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe nuko ibihe bimeze nk’igihe cy’igihu cyangwa cy’imvura bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200, imirongo y’ingabo z’igihugu zigendera kuri gahunda n’utundi dutsiko twose tw’abanyamaguru nk’imperekerane cyangwa udutsiko tw’abanyeshuri bari ku murongo bayobowe na mwarimu, iyo bagenda mu muhanda ku isonga hakaba hari abantu barenze umwe, bagaragzwa ku buryo bukurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara ndangambere n’aya ndanganyuma y’imodoka zitarengeje m 6 z’uburebure na m 2 z’ubugari habariwemo imitwaro kdi nta kinyabiziga kindi kiziritseho ashobora gusimburwa n’amatara akurikira, iyo ibyo binyabiziga bihagaze umwanya muto cyangwa munini munsisiro bibangikanye ku ruhande rw’umuhanda:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Guhagarara akanya gato no guhagarara akanya kanini bibujijwe cyane cyane aha hakurikira
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo banyuze iruhande rw’inkomyi abanyamaguru bagomba gukikira banyuze mu muhanda, abayobozi bagomba gusiga umwanya ufite ubugari bwa m 1 nibura hagati yabo nayo. Iyo ibyo bidashobora kubahirizwa kandi umunyamaguru akaba anyura hafi yiyo nkomyi, umuyobozi agomba kuyikikira afite umuvuduko utarengeje ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara maremare y’ibara ryera cyangwa ry’umuhondo agomba, nijoro igihe ijuru rikeye, kumurika mu muhanda mu ntera ya m 100 nibura imbere y’ikinyabiziga, ariko ku binyabiziga bifite moteri itarengeje za sentimetero kibe 125 iyo ntera igira ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Romoruki zifite ubugari ntarengwa bwa cm 80 zishobora gushyirwaho akagarurarumuri kamwe gusa iyo zikuruwe n’ibinyabiziga bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Utugarurarumuri turi mu mbavu z’ikinyabiziga tugomba kugira ibara rikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Bumwe muri ubu bwoko bwa feri ituma imodoka iguma aho iri uko yaba yikoreye kose ku muzamuko cyangwa ku gacuri bya 16%, imyanya ya feri igomba gufata igakomeza kwegera kuburyo bw’ibyuma niyo umuyobozi yaba atarimo:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ikinyabiziga cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikururana bifite imitambiko ibiri ikurikiranye mu bugari bwayo ni ukuvuga imitambiko yihindukiza kucyo ifungiyeho, uburebure bwabyo ntibugomba kurenza ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Buri modoka cyangwa buri romoruki ikuruwe n’iyo modoka bishobora kugira itara rituma umuyobozi yerekana ko yabonye ikimenyetso cy’uwitegura kumunyuraho. Iryo tara rifite amabara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse mu mijyi kuyindi mihanda yagenywe na minisiteri ushinzwe gutwara ibintu n’abantu, uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe ku binyabiziga bifatanye bifite imitambiko itatu ni:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo imizigo igizwe n’ibinyampeke, ikawa, ipamba idatonoye, ibishara, ibyatsi, ibishami cyangwa ubwatsi bw’amatungo bidahambiriye uretse amapaki afunze, ubugari bwayo bushobora kugera ku bipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo amatara y’ikinyabiziga agomba gucanwa kandi igihe imizigo isumba impera y’ikinyabiziga ho metero irenga igice gihera cy’imizigo kigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ku kinyabiziga cyangwa ibinyabiziga bikururana igice kirenga ku biziga ntikigomba kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo romoruki iziritse ku kinyamitende, velomoteri n’amapikipiki bidafite akanyabiziga ko kuruhande uretse ikinyamitende na velomoteri bidafite umuyobozi, iyo uburumbarare bwayo cyangwa bw’ibyo yikoreye bituma itara ry’ikinyabiziga gikurura ritagaragara igihe bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200 bigomba kugaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bihinga n’ibindi bikoresho byihariye bikoreshwa n’ibigo bipatana imirimo, iyo bigenda mu nzira nyabagendwa igihe cya nijoro cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibihe bimeze bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200 bishobora kugaragazwa inyuma n’amatara 2 atukura, bipfa kuba bitarenza ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bikurikira bigomba kugira itara ry’ubururu rimyatsa riboneka mu mpande zose:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ubugari bw’imizigo yikorewe n’ipikipiki idafite akanyabiziga ko kuruhande kimwe n’ubwa romoruki ikuruwe na bene icyo kinyabiziga ntibushobora kurenza ibipimo bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bikurikira bigomba kugira icyerekana umuvuduko kiri aho umuyobozi areba neza kandi kigahora kitabwaho kugirango kigume gukora neza:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Buri modoka cyangwa buri romoruki ikuruwe n’iyo modoka bishobora kugira itara risa n’icyatsi kibisi bituma umuyobozi yerekana ko yabonye ikimenyetso cy’uwitegura kumunyuraho. Iryo tara rigomba gushyirwa aha hakurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Umurongo mugari wera udacagaguye ushobora gucibwa ku muhanda kugirango ugaragaze ibi bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ni ryari ikinyabiziga gishobora kugenda mu muhanda moteri itaka cyangwa vitesi idakora:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ahari hejuru cyane y’ubuso bumurika h’amatara ndangambere na ndanganyuma ntihashobora kuba aharenze ibipimo bikurikira hejuru y’ubutaka iyo ikinyabiziga kidapakiye:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo ikinyabiziga gifite amatara abiri cyangwa menshi y’ubwoko bumwe ayo matara agomba kugira ibara rimwe n’ingufu zingana kandi akagomba gushyirwaho ku buryo buteganye uhereye ku murongo ugabanya ikinyabizigamo kabiri mu burebure bwacyo. Ariko ibi ntibikurikizwa ku matara akurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nta tara na rimwe cyangwa akagarurarumuri bishobora kuba bifunze ku buryo igice cyabyo cyo hasi cyane kimurika kitaba kiri hasi y’ibipimo bikurikira kuva ku butaka igihe ikinyabiziga kidapakiye :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bifite ubugari bufite ibipimo bikurikira bigomba kugira amatara ndangaburumbarare :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uburemere ntarengwa bwemewe ntibushobora kurenga ½ cy’uburemere bw’ikinyabiziga gikurura nubw’umuyobozi kuri romoruki zikurikira :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Imburira zimurika zemerewe gukoreshwa kugirango bamenyeshe umuyobozi ko bagiye kumunyuraho aha hakurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Utuyira turi ku mpande z’umuhanda n’ inkengero zigiye hejuru biharirwa abanyamaguru mu bihe bikurikira:
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B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo bwije kugeza bukeye cyangwa bitewe n’uko ibihe bimeze nk’igihe cy’ibihu cyangwa cy’imvura bitagishoboka kubona neza muri m 200, udutsiko twose tw’abanyamaguru nk’imperekerane cyangwa udutsiko tw’abanyeshuri bari ku murongo bayobowe n’umwarimu, iyo bagenda mu muhanda ku isonga hakaba hari abantu barenze umwe bagomba kugaragazwa kuburyo bukurikira :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo nta mategeko awugabanya by’umwihariko, umuvuduko ntarengwa ku modoka zikoreshwa nk’amavatiri y’ifasi cyangwa amatagisi zifite uburemere bwemewe butarenga kilogarama 3500 ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo nta mategeko awugabanya by’umwihariko, umuvuduko ntarengwa ku modoka zitwara abagenzi mu buryo bwa rusange ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Kunyura ku binyabiziga bindi, uretse icy’ibiziga bibiri, bibujijwe aha hakurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ubugari bw’imizigo yikorewe n’ibinyamitende itatu n’ubwiyikorewe n’ibinyamitende 4 bifite cyangwa bidafite moteri kimwe n’ubw’iyikorewe na romuruki zikuruwe n’ibyo binyabiziga ntibushobora kurenga ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uretse mu mujyi, ku yindi mihanda yajyenwe na minisitiri ushinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, uburemere ntarengwa ku binyabiziga bifite imitambiko itatu cyangwa irenga hatarimo makuzungu ni :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibizirikisho by’iminyururu cyangwa by’insinga kimwe n’ibindi by’ingoboka bikoreshwa gusa igihe nta kundi umuntu yabigenza kandi nta kindi bigiriwe uretse gusa kugirango ikinyabiziga kigere aho kigomba gukorerwa kandi nturenze na rimwe km 20 mu isaha, ibyo bizirikisho bigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ni iyihe feri ituma imodoka igenda buhoro kandi igahagarara ku buryo bwizewe bubangutse kandi nyabwo, uko imodoka yaba yikoreye kose yaba igeze ahacuramye cyangwa ahaterera:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ku mihanda ibyapa bikurikira bigomba kugaragazwa ku buryo bumwe:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo kuyobya umuhanda ari ngombwa bigaragazwa kuva aho uhera no kuburebure bwawo n’icyapa gifite ubuso bw’amabara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Inkombe z’inzira nyabagendwa cyangwa z’umuhanda zishobora kugaragazwa n’ibikoresho ngarurarumuri. Ibyo bikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho ku buryo abagenzi babibona :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo itara ry’umuhondo rimyatsa rikoreshejwe mu masangano y’amayira ahwanyije agaciro rishyirwa ahagana he:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibimenyetso bimurika byerekana uburyo bwo kugendera mu muhanda kw'ibinyabiziga bishyirwa iburyo bw'umuhanda. Ariko bishobora no gushyirwa ibumoso cyangwa hejuru y’umuhanda:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ni ryari itegeko rigenga gutambuka mbere kw’iburyo rikurikizwa mu masangano:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa kivuga gutambuka mbere y’ibinyabiziga biturutse imbere gifite amabara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo hatarimo indi myanya birabujijwe gutwara ku ntebe y’imbere y’imodoka abana badafite imyaka:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ubugari bwa romoruki ntiburenza ubugari bw’ikinyabiziga kiyikurura iyo ikuruwe n’ibinyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Igice cy'inzira nyabagendwa kigarukira ku mirongo ibiri yera icagaguye ibangikanye kandi gifite ubugari budahagije kugirango imodoka zitambuke neza, kiba ari:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Birabujijwe kugenza ibinyabiziga bigendeshwa na moteri naza romoruki zikururwa nabyo, iyo ibiziga byambaye inziga zidahagwa cyangwa inziga zikururuka zifite umubyimba uri hasi ya cm 4. Ariko ibyo ntibikurikizwa kubinyabiziga bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo umuvuduko w’ibinyabiziga bidapakiye ushobora kurenga km50 mu isaha ahategamye, bigomba kuba bifite ibikoresho by’ihoni byumvikanira mu ntera:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Itara ryo guhagarara ry’ibara ritukura rigomba kugaragara igihe ijuru rikeye nibura mu ntera ikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Za otobisi zagenewe gutwara abanyeshuri zishobora gushyirwaho amatara abiri asa n’icunga rihishije amyasa kugirango yerekane ko zihagaze no kwerekana ko bagomba kwitonda, ayo matara ashyirwaho ku buryo bukurikira :
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ibinyabiziga bikoreshwa nka tagisi, bitegerereza abantu mu nzira nyabagendwa, bishobora gushyirwaho itara ryerekana ko ikinyabiziga kitakodeshejwe. Iryo tara rishyirwaho ku buryo bukurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ubugari bwa romoruki ikuruwe n’igare cyangwa velomoteri ntiburenza ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ikinyabiziga ntigishobora kugira amatara arenga abiri y’ubwoko bumwe keretse kubyerekeye amatara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Amatara maremare y’ikinyabiziga agomba kuzimwa mu bihe bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Nibura ikinyabiziga gitegetswe kugira uduhanagurakirahure tungahe:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Uburyo bukoreshwa kugirango ikinyabiziga kigende gahoro igihe feri idakora neza babwita:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Iyo nta mategeko awugabanya by’umwihariko umuvuduko ntarengwa w’amapikipiki mu isaha ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ku byerekeye kwerekana ibinyabiziga n’ukumurika kwabyo ndetse no kwerekana ihindura ry’ibyerekezo byabyo. Birabujijwe gukora andi matara cyangwa utugarurarumuri uretse ibitegetswe ariko ntibireba amatara akurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Umuyobozi ugenda mu muhanda igihe ubugari bwawo budatuma anyuranaho nta nkomyi ashobora kunyura mu kayira k’abanyamaguru ariko amaze kureba ibi bikurikira:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Ahatari mu nsisiro umuvuduko ntarengwa mu isaha wa velomoteri ni:
A
B
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Reba Ibisubizo
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Icyapa cyerekana umuvuduko ntarengwa ikinyabiziga kitagomba kurenza gishyirwa gusa ku binyabiziga bifite uburemere ntarengwa bukurikira:
A
B
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Kunyuranaho bikorerwa:
A
B
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Ikinyabiziga kibujijwe guhagarara akanya kanini aha hakurikira :
A
B
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Uburebure bw’ibinyabiziga bikurikira ntibugomba kurenga metero 11 :
A
B
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Ubugari bwa romoruki ikuruwe n’ikinyamitende itatu ntibugomba kurenza ibipimo bikurikira:
A
B
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Ibinyabiziga bikurikira bigomba gukorerwa isuzumwa buri mwaka:
A
B
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Ahantu ho kugendera mu muhanda herekanwa n’ibimenyetso bimurika ibinyabiziga ntibishobora kuhagenda :
A
B
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Umurongo uciyemo uduce umenyesha ahegereye umurongo ushobora kuzuzwa n’uturanga gukata tw’ibara ryera utwo turanga cyerekezo tumenyesha :
A
B
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Ijambo “akayira” bivuga inzira nyabagendwa ifunganye yagenewe gusa:
A
B
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Ikinyabiziga cyose cyangwa ibinyabiziga bigenda bigomba kugira:
A
B
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